Image Source: SangitaChatterjee 

Location: Northeastern India; bordered by Assam and Bangladesh

Capital: Shillong

Known For: Living root bridges, waterfalls, caves, monsoons, and tribal cultures

Official Languages: English (widely spoken), Khasi, Garo, Jaintia

Best Time to Visit: October to April

Geography

Meghalaya, often called the “Abode of Clouds,” is a geographically rich and ecologically diverse state in Northeast India, known for its highland terrain, pristine forests, and record-breaking rainfall. The state is predominantly hilly, with three major ranges—the Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills, and Garo Hills—each offering distinct landscapes, cultures, and ecosystems. These ranges are covered with lush subtropical and tropical forests, nurturing countless plant and animal species. The presence of deep river gorges, rolling plateaus, and steep cliffs adds to the dramatic appearance of Meghalaya’s terrain.

One of Meghalaya’s most iconic features is its exceptionally high rainfall, especially in places like Cherrapunji (Sohra) and Mawsynram, which often top global charts for annual precipitation. This heavy monsoonal rain feeds numerous waterfalls, such as Nohkalikai, Seven Sisters, and Elephant Falls, and creates an environment of constant greenery. The region is also known for its limestone cave systems, such as Siju, Mawsmai, and Liat Prah, which are popular among spelunkers and geologists due to their fascinating stalactite and stalagmite formations.

The abundant rivers, like the Umngot and Simsang, carve out valleys and sustain both human habitation and the natural ecosystems. Meghalaya’s climate is mostly mild and humid, making it one of India’s greenest and most environmentally stable states.

Meghalaya’s geography not only makes it visually stunning but also contributes to its rich agricultural land, supports eco-tourism, and plays a vital role in its tribal culture and lifestyle, as communities have adapted to the unique terrain with innovations like the living root bridges.

History

Meghalaya’s history is a fascinating blend of indigenous traditions, colonial legacies, and modern political development. Originally a part of the state of Assam, Meghalaya became a separate state on January 21, 1972, following demands for autonomy by its hill tribes. The state’s name, meaning “abode of clouds” in Sanskrit, reflects both its natural setting and cultural depth.

Meghalaya is primarily inhabited by three major tribal communities—the Khasi, Garo, and Jaintia—each with distinct languages, customs, and social systems. These communities are renowned for practicing matrilineal lineage, where property and clan identity are passed down through the female line, a rare system in the Indian subcontinent. The tribes have maintained rich oral traditions, with folklore, legends, and festivals forming a strong cultural base that predates written history.

The British colonial era left a noticeable impact on Meghalaya, especially in Shillong, which served as the capital of Assam during British rule and was developed as a hill station and summer retreat. The influence is still visible in the Anglo-European architecture, schools, and administrative structures of the city.

A unique aspect of Meghalaya’s governance is its system of indigenous self-rule. Even today, traditional institutions like the Dorbar Shnong (village councils) play a significant role in local administration and conflict resolution. These systems operate parallel to the modern state government and are respected by the people as part of their cultural heritage.

Thus, Meghalaya’s historical journey is marked by the preservation of tribal identity, colonial interactions, and peaceful democratic transitions, making it one of India’s most culturally distinctive and historically resilient regions.

Culture

The culture of Meghalaya is a vibrant and living expression of its indigenous roots, characterized by its tribal essence, matrilineal social structure, and rich folk heritage. Dominated by three major tribes—the Khasi, Garo, and Jaintia—Meghalaya’s society is one where women hold a central role. In these communities, lineage, inheritance, and family identity are passed through the mother, and the youngest daughter traditionally inherits family property. This matrilineal system shapes both the domestic and societal dynamics in unique ways.

Traditional music and dance are deeply interwoven with daily life and seasonal festivals. Celebrations like the Wangala Festival of the Garos, which honors the harvest and the Sun God, and the Shad Suk Mynsiem of the Khasis, which is a dance of peace and thanksgiving, are among the most iconic expressions of cultural identity. These festivals not only reflect spiritual devotion but also reinforce communal harmony and tribal values.

Folk tales, oral narratives, and ancestral songs remain powerful storytelling tools, often passed down through generations. Rural life is also marked by the use of bamboo musical instruments, such as flutes and drums, which accompany dance rituals and community gatherings. Handwoven textiles, bead jewelry, and intricately patterned shawls are worn with pride and often denote tribal affiliations or marital status.

Christianity is the predominant religion, introduced during the colonial period by Welsh and Presbyterian missionaries, and is practiced alongside indigenous animistic beliefs. Churches are central to community life, especially in urban centers like Shillong, while animistic practices continue in more remote villages through sacred groves, nature worship, and ancestral rites.

Thus, the culture of Meghalaya is a harmonious blend of tribal traditions, spiritual rituals, community arts, and progressive gender roles, offering a deep and distinctive insight into life in this hill state.

Top Places to Visit in Meghalaya

Shillong – The Scotland of the East
Shillong, the capital of Meghalaya, is a charming hill station known for its colonial-era architecture, vibrant music culture, and lively street markets. Popular attractions include Ward’s Lake, Lady Hydari Park, and the Don Bosco Centre for Indigenous Cultures. The Shillong Peak offers panoramic views of the surrounding hills and valleys. With cozy cafés, local handicraft shops, and a youthful vibe thanks to its many educational institutions, Shillong is a perfect blend of nature and modernity.

Cherrapunji (Sohra) – Land of Living Root Bridges and Waterfalls
Famous for receiving some of the highest rainfall in the world, Cherrapunji is home to stunning natural wonders like the Nohkalikai Falls, Seven Sisters Falls, and Mawsmai Caves. The most unique attraction is the living root bridges, created by intertwining the aerial roots of rubber trees. Cherrapunji also offers spectacular limestone caves and misty vistas that draw nature lovers and photographers.

Mawsynram – The Wettest Place on Earth
Often contesting Cherrapunji for the title of the wettest place on Earth, Mawsynram is a tranquil village surrounded by verdant landscapes and cloud-covered hills. It is ideal for those seeking peace, nature walks, and dramatic weather. The Mawsmai cave systems, gentle meadows, and cascading waterfalls make it a surreal and atmospheric destination.

Dawki – The Crystal Clear Waters of Umngot River
Dawki, near the Indo-Bangladesh border, is known for the crystal-clear waters of the Umngot River, so transparent that boats seem to float in mid-air. It’s a paradise for boating, kayaking, and photography. The suspension bridge over the river and the serene atmosphere attract tourists year-round, especially during spring and autumn.

Mawlynnong – Asia’s Cleanest Village
Recognized as Asia’s cleanest village, Mawlynnong is celebrated for its community-led cleanliness, flower-filled lanes, bamboo dustbins, and eco-conscious lifestyle. Located near the Bangladesh border, the village also features a living root bridge, skywalks made of bamboo, and scenic viewpoints overlooking lush plains and waterfalls.

Nongriat – Home to the Double-Decker Living Root Bridge
Accessible via a scenic trek from Tyrna village, Nongriat is a hidden gem in the East Khasi Hills. It houses the famous double-decker living root bridge, a marvel of bioengineering and traditional wisdom. The surrounding forest trails, turquoise natural pools, and homestay culture make it a haven for eco-travelers and trekking enthusiasts.

Laitlum Canyon – Meghalaya’s Grand Canyon
Laitlum Canyon, near Shillong, offers breathtaking panoramic views of the Khasi hills, dramatic cliffs, and deep gorges. The name literally means “end of hills,” and it’s a favorite spot for nature lovers, photographers, and peace seekers. The hiking trails around the canyon provide glimpses into local village life and rich flora.

Tura – Gateway to the Garo Hills
Located in the western part of Meghalaya, Tura is a cultural and ecological hotspot. It is surrounded by Tura Peak, Balpakram National Park, and Siju Caves, making it ideal for adventure and wildlife tourism. The town is also known for its Garo tribal culture, traditional dances, and local markets filled with organic produce and handicrafts.

Top Things to Do in Meghalaya

Trek to Living Root Bridges – Explore Bioengineering Wonders in Nongriat
One of the most iconic activities in Meghalaya is trekking to the living root bridges, especially the double-decker bridge in Nongriat. These bridges are crafted from the aerial roots of rubber trees and nurtured over decades by local Khasi communities. The trek to Nongriat involves descending over 3,000 steps, passing waterfalls, forests, and remote villages—making it a rewarding experience for nature lovers and trekkers.

Boating in Dawki – Float Over the Transparent Umngot River
Boating in Dawki is a surreal experience, especially during the dry season when the Umngot River becomes so clear that the boats appear to float on air. The calm emerald-green waters and surrounding cliffs create a magical atmosphere. This activity is a must for those seeking tranquility and stunning photographs in the lap of nature near the India-Bangladesh border.

Hike Laitlum Canyon – Discover Panoramic Hilltop Views
For adventure seekers and photographers, Laitlum Canyon near Shillong offers one of the best hiking experiences in Meghalaya. The trail winds through lush hills and opens up to jaw-dropping views of gorges and valleys. Often shrouded in mist, the canyon is a favorite spot for both sunrise and sunset hikes, giving a cinematic view of the East Khasi Hills.

Monsoon Chasing in Cherrapunji – Witness Nature’s Drama
During the monsoon months, Cherrapunji transforms into a land of dramatic waterfalls and stormy skies. It’s one of the wettest places on Earth, and rain-chasing here means witnessing the power and beauty of nature through attractions like Nohkalikai Falls, Seven Sisters Falls, and countless unnamed cascades pouring down steep cliffs. Bring your rain gear and an adventurous spirit!

Caving Expeditions – Explore Meghalaya’s Underground World
Meghalaya boasts some of India’s longest and deepest cave systems, perfect for explorers. Must-visit caves include Siju Cave in Garo Hills, known for its bat colonies and stalactites; Mawsmai Cave in Cherrapunji, which is easily accessible and family-friendly; and Liat Prah, part of the world’s longest sandstone cave system. These caves reveal a hidden world of biodiversity and natural architecture.

Shop at Lewduh Market – Immerse in Tribal Culture
Also known as Bara Bazaar, Lewduh Market in Shillong is one of the oldest and largest traditional markets in Northeast India. Here, tribal communities from across the Khasi Hills converge to sell everything from organic produce and woven textiles to local herbs and handmade tools. A walk through the market offers a vivid cultural experience and a chance to interact with local vendors.

Enjoy Shillong’s Live Music Scene – Rock Out in India’s Music Capital
Shillong is known as the rock music capital of India, with a deep-rooted passion for western music and talented local bands. From cozy pubs to open-air gigs, you can catch live performances almost any weekend. Events like the Shillong Autumn Festival and NH7 Weekender showcase indie, jazz, blues, and fusion music—making Shillong a paradise for music enthusiasts.

Popular Dishes of Meghalaya

Jadoh – Aromatic Khasi Rice and Meat Delicacy
Jadoh is a signature dish of the Khasi tribe, made by cooking rice with pork or chicken and flavored with aromatic spices like turmeric, ginger, and bay leaves. The dish is vibrant and savory, often topped with fried onions or boiled eggs. A staple at Khasi celebrations, Jadoh is not only hearty but also reflects the region’s love for meat-infused rice dishes. Variants like Jadoh Snem use pig liver or offal, making it a dish rich in both flavor and tradition.

Dohneiiong – Pork in Roasted Sesame Gravy
One of the most beloved dishes in Meghalaya, Dohneiiong combines tender pieces of pork with a thick, nutty gravy made from roasted black sesame seeds. The deep, earthy flavors and smooth texture make it a favorite among the Khasi and Jaintia people. Usually served with plain rice or Jadoh, this dish is a highlight of traditional Khasi cuisine and is often prepared during festivals and family gatherings.

Tungrymbai – Fermented Soybean and Bamboo Mix
Tungrymbai is a pungent yet flavorful dish made from fermented soybeans, often mixed with bamboo shoots, pork, mustard oil, and herbs. It is slow-cooked to enhance its umami depth and served hot with steamed rice. Common in rural Khasi homes, this dish showcases the tribe’s use of fermentation and foraged forest ingredients in everyday meals. It’s an acquired taste but a must-try for adventurous food lovers seeking authentic tribal cuisine.

Nakham Bitchi – Fiery Garo Fish Soup
A staple of Garo cuisine, Nakham Bitchi is a spicy soup made using dried fish (nakham), chilies, garlic, and occasionally fermented bamboo shoots. It’s warming and bold, often consumed as a starter to stimulate the appetite. The dish embodies the Garo tribe’s strong culinary tradition of using dried and smoked meats and fish, typical of their hilly, forested environment.

Pumaloi – Steamed Rice Flour Delicacy
Pumaloi is a traditional steamed rice cake prepared using powdered rice and cooked in a special clay pot called ‘Khiew Ranei.’ Commonly served during festivals, clan rituals, and special occasions, it is light, fluffy, and subtly flavored. Unlike other rice-based dishes, Pumaloi is purely vegetarian and often eaten with curry or vegetable side dishes. It is a fine example of Meghalaya’s ceremonial cuisine.

Kyat – Khasi Traditional Rice Beer
Kyat is a local rice-based beer brewed by the Khasi community, particularly during harvest festivals and weddings. Mildly alcoholic and slightly sour, it is brewed from fermented rice and consumed fresh. It holds social and ritual importance, often shared in bamboo mugs as a gesture of hospitality. This drink reflects the age-old brewing traditions of Meghalaya’s tribal societies.

Fairs and Festivals of Meghalaya

Wangala, also known as the 100 Drum Festival, is the most important harvest festival of the Garo tribe. Celebrated in November, it honors the Sun God “Misi Saljong” for a bountiful harvest. The festival is marked by vibrant traditional dances, rhythmic drum beats, flutes, and gongs. Hundreds of drummers and dancers in colorful tribal attire participate in the signature Wangala dance. It is not just a festival but a strong expression of Garo identity, agricultural traditions, and spirituality.

Shad Suk Mynsiem – Khasi Festival of Gratitude and Renewal
Celebrated in spring, Shad Suk Mynsiem is a joyous thanksgiving festival of the Khasi community. It symbolizes peace, prosperity, and purity of life. Men and women dressed in traditional silk and gold costumes perform ceremonial dances to the accompaniment of drums and flutes. The celebration often takes place in Shillong’s Weiking Ground. This festival of renewal is both spiritual and cultural, emphasizing respect for nature and ancestors in Khasi society.

Behdeinkhlam – Jaintia Rite to Ward Off Evil and Disease
Held annually in July, Behdeinkhlam is a powerful monsoon festival of the Jaintia tribe, centered around driving away disease and evil spirits. Participants carry large decorated logs (Rots) through the streets, culminating in their immersion in a sacred pool. Rituals include traditional dancing, offerings to deities, and a symbolic football game using a wooden ball (Datlawakor). The festival blends spirituality, community health beliefs, and ancestral worship in Jaintia culture.

Autumn Festival – Modern Celebration of Meghalaya’s Art and Music
Hosted in Shillong, the Autumn Festival is a contemporary event that showcases the best of Meghalaya’s music, cuisine, fashion, and crafts. Local rock bands perform alongside traditional dances, fusion food stalls line the streets, and artisans display their handmade products. This urban festival bridges traditional tribal culture with modern creative expression, making it a great time for visitors to experience Meghalaya’s evolving cultural landscape.

Nongkrem Dance Festival – Sacred Ritual Dance of the Khasis
Held near Shillong at Smit village, the Nongkrem Dance Festival is a significant religious event of the Khasi tribe. Women in ornate silk dresses and gold jewelry perform elegant dances, while men offer animal sacrifices to appease the goddess Ka Blei Synshar. The rituals are conducted by the Lyngdoh (priest) and involve community prayers for peace and prosperity. This festival is a vivid display of Khasi spirituality, matrilineal customs, and reverence for ancestral deities.

Souvenirs to Buy from Meghalaya

Meghalaya is known for its expert bamboo and cane weaving, a traditional skill practiced by Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo communities. You’ll find intricately designed baskets, trays, storage containers, and mats that are not only beautiful but also functional and eco-friendly. These handcrafted items reflect the state’s sustainable lifestyle and connection to nature, making them meaningful souvenirs from the hills.

Traditional Khasi and Jaintia Jewelry – Symbolic and Ornamental
Jewelry in Meghalaya holds deep cultural and symbolic value, especially among the Khasi and Jaintia tribes. Look for ornate beaded necklaces, silver or brass waistbands, and hair accessories like the ‘Kynjri Ksiar’ (golden pins). These pieces often represent marital or social status and are worn during festivals and rituals. Buying these ornaments supports local artisans and connects you with the tribal heritage of Meghalaya.

Organic Honey and Pickles – Pure and Locally Sourced Delights
Meghalaya’s clean air and abundant flora make it ideal for organic beekeeping and homegrown produce. Locally harvested honey is available in raw and flavored varieties, rich in medicinal properties. Pickles made from bamboo shoots, king chili, wild olives, and jackfruit are popular treats. These culinary souvenirs offer a taste of Meghalaya’s authentic tribal cuisine and natural bounty.

Handloom Shawls and Wraps – Warmth Woven in Tradition
Tribal women across Meghalaya are skilled in handloom weaving, producing beautiful shawls, stoles, and wraps. These textiles are often made from cotton or eri silk and feature traditional patterns or motifs that reflect the identity of each tribe. They are lightweight, warm, and colorful, making them ideal gifts or keepsakes from your visit to the state’s highlands.

Bamboo Flutes and Traditional Musical Instruments – Sounds of the Hills
Music plays a central role in Meghalaya’s tribal life, and you can find locally made flutes, drums (like the ‘Dama’), and string instruments crafted from bamboo and wood. These are often handmade using age-old techniques and are perfect for collectors or those interested in indigenous musical traditions. They capture the essence of Meghalaya’s folk music and cultural rhythm.

Locally Crafted Pottery and Woodwork – Rustic Aesthetic for Your Home
From hand-sculpted pottery to carved wooden decor, Meghalaya’s artisans create home goods with a rustic tribal charm. You’ll find items like clay mugs, terracotta figurines, wooden bowls, and souvenir plaques inspired by tribal stories and myths. These crafts are ideal for those who value authentic, locally sourced ethnic décor and functional art.

Off-Beat Places to Visit in Meghalaya

Shnongpdeng – Riverside Camping and Adventure Sports Haven
Nestled along the crystal-clear Umngot River, Shnongpdeng is a tranquil village near Dawki, perfect for those seeking offbeat adventure travel in Meghalaya. It offers thrilling activities like snorkeling, kayaking, cliff jumping, and ziplining over the river’s glassy surface. You can camp right by the riverside and wake up to the serene sounds of water and chirping birds. Shnongpdeng is a hidden gem ideal for backpackers, photographers, and nature lovers who want to explore Meghalaya beyond the usual tourist trail.

Mawphlang Sacred Grove – Where Nature Meets Spirituality
Located just outside Shillong, the Mawphlang Sacred Grove is an ancient forest preserved for centuries by the Khasi tribe. According to local beliefs, the forest is sacred, and nothing is allowed to be taken out—not even a leaf. This untouched grove is rich in rare medicinal plants, orchids, and giant moss-covered trees, and is a must-visit for those interested in ethnobotany, eco-spiritual tourism, and tribal customs. A guided nature walk through this grove is an immersive way to experience Meghalaya’s cultural and ecological depth.

Riwai – A Serene Living Root Bridge Alternative
While Mawlynnong gets much of the attention, nearby Riwai village offers a more peaceful experience of viewing a living root bridge, formed by guiding rubber tree roots over decades. It’s a short and easy walk from the village, making it a good choice for families or those seeking a less commercialized natural wonder. The bridge here is still used by locals and set amidst lush forest, providing a raw and authentic glimpse into Khasi ingenuity.

Balpakram National Park – A Biodiversity and Mythological Landscape
Located in the South Garo Hills, Balpakram National Park is one of India’s least explored yet most enchanting protected areas. Known as the “Land of Spirits,” it is surrounded by cliffs, deep gorges, and rich vegetation. It’s home to endangered species like the red panda, wild water buffalo, and Asian golden cat. Myths and legends abound here, including sacred sites tied to local lore. For wildlife lovers, trekkers, and cultural explorers, Balpakram offers an untouched frontier in Northeast India.

Siju Bird Sanctuary – A Paradise for Birdwatchers
Tucked in the Garo Hills, the Siju Bird Sanctuary is a prime location to spot both resident and migratory birds. Especially notable is the presence of the rare Grey Hornbill, Siberian ducks, and other exotic species. The sanctuary is located near Siju Caves, adding a speleological element to your visit. Best visited in the winter months, it’s a must for ornithologists, photographers, and those who love off-the-grid nature tourism in Meghalaya.

Best Time to Visit Meghalaya

October to April – Pleasant climate and clear skies

June to September – For monsoon lovers and waterfall chasers

November – For festivals like Wangala and music concerts in Shillong

How to Reach Meghalaya

By Air: Shillong Airport (limited flights); Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi Airport in Guwahati (125 km from Shillong) is the nearest major airport

By Train: No direct rail to Shillong; nearest station is Guwahati (Assam)

By Road: Excellent road connectivity from Guwahati to Shillong (3–4 hours drive); shared cabs and buses available