Image Source: IM3847
About Kolleru Lake
Kolleru Lake, one of the largest freshwater lakes in India and the largest shallow freshwater lake in Asia, lies in the heart of Andhra Pradesh. Nestled between the Krishna and Godavari deltas, the lake stretches across the Eluru and Kaikaluru regions, about 15 km from Eluru and 65 km from Rajamahendravaram (Rajahmundry).
Geographically located at 16°39′N 81°13′E, the lake covers an area of nearly 245 km², while its Ramsar-designated wetland extends to 302 km². The Ramsar Convention wetland boundary protects a massive 90,100 hectares (222,600 acres). Kolleru has an average depth of just 1 meter, making it shallow yet ecologically vibrant. At its core lies Kolletikota Island, often described as the “Heart of Kolleru Lake.”
Hydrology & Geography
Kolleru Lake is sustained by the seasonal inflows of Budameru and Tammileru rivulets, along with contributions from nearly 67 irrigation canals linking it to the Krishna and Godavari river systems.
Its waters drain out through the Upputeru stream, which connects to the Bay of Bengal. Interestingly, the lake bed is a result of an unusual depression, possibly caused by an ancient earthquake, which formed this unique geographical feature.
Ecological Status & Biodiversity
Declared a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1999 and designated as a Ramsar wetland of international importance in 2002, Kolleru Lake is a vital ecological treasure. Every winter, it hosts over 20 million resident and migratory birds, turning it into one of India’s most spectacular birding sites. Among resident species are grey pelicans, Asian open-bills, painted storks, glossy ibises, and white ibises.
Migratory birds flock here from Northern Asia and Eastern Europe between October and March, including flamingos, pochards, black-winged stilts, avocets, gadwalls, northern pintails, shovelers, and purple herons. The lake is particularly famous for colonies of spot-billed pelicans (Pelecanus philippensis), which nest in thousands.
Environmental Concerns & Conservation Efforts
Over the years, Kolleru has faced serious environmental challenges due to pollution, encroachment, and unregulated aquaculture. Thousands of illegal fish ponds and bunds have blocked natural water flow, reducing lake area, causing flooding, and threatening its biodiversity. Factories and farming practices have also polluted its waters.
By 2001, satellite imagery revealed that nearly 42% of the lake was occupied by aquaculture and 8.5% by agriculture, significantly altering its ecology.
In response, the Andhra Pradesh government launched Operation Kolleru in 2006 to remove encroachments. More recently, Operation Kolleru 2.0 was announced to continue restoration, aiming to revive the lake’s ecological health. Despite ongoing threats, conservation measures remain active to safeguard this wetland.
Historical Background
Kolleru Lake is not just a natural wonder but also a site of historical significance. Copper plates discovered in the region trace its history back to the 15th century Eastern Ganga rulers, particularly under Kapilendra Deva of Odisha, when the lake marked part of the Kalinga Empire’s boundary. Oral traditions also suggest that several ancient villages were submerged beneath the lake during floods and earthquakes, adding a layer of mystery to its past.
Tourism & Attractions
Kolleru is a paradise for birdwatchers, nature lovers, and eco-tourists. The Atapaka Bird Sanctuary is the most popular spot, especially during migratory seasons when thousands of pelicans and storks can be spotted. Other birdwatching locations include Murthyraju Tanks, Gudivakalanka, Kolletikota, Kovvada Lanka, Bhujabalapatnam, and Pallevada. Viewing towers at Atapaka and Murthyraju enhance the birding experience, while East Chodavaram is renowned for openbill stork nesting colonies between July and December.
How to Reach Kolleru Lake
By Road: Kolleru Lake is well-connected via the Eluru–Kaikaluru road network. Atapaka is just 2.5 km from Kaikaluru, while Kolletikota is 18 km away. The lake can also be accessed from Eluru (15 km), Bhimavaram, Rajamahendravaram, Vijayawada, and Machilipatnam by bus or taxi.
By Rail: The nearest stations are Kaikaluru and Eluru, both on the busy Vijayawada–Visakhapatnam rail line, making it easily accessible.
By Air: The closest airport is Vijayawada International Airport (Gannavaram), about 65 km away. From there, cabs and buses connect to Eluru and Kaikaluru.
Accommodation
Tourists can find good accommodation options in Eluru, Bhimavaram, Rajamahendravaram, Kaikaluru, Vijayawada, and Machilipatnam. Eco-tourism lodges and local guesthouses are also available closer to the lake for birding enthusiasts.