Image source: Narasimha Naik
About Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
Spanning across the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka, the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is one of the most significant and ecologically rich regions in India. Designated by UNESCO in 1986 under its Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme, it was the first biosphere reserve to be established in the country. The biosphere reserve is renowned for its biodiversity and breathtaking natural beauty.
Geography
One of the world’s eight “hottest hotspots” of biological diversity, the Western Ghats is a reserve that spreads over an area of 5,520 square kilometers. It covers Nilgiri Hills, Silent Valley National Park, Bandipur National Park, Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, and Mukurthi National Park. The Nilgiri Biosphere includes forests, grasslands, and wetlands.
Cultural Significance
Several Indigenous communities, such as the Toda, Irula, Kurumba, and Badaga tribes, inhabited the region. They lived here in harmony with nature for centuries.
Their traditional practices, such as sustainable agriculture and cattle herding, play a great role in the ecological balance of the biosphere.
Flora
The Nilgiri Biosphere is home to a variety of plants. At higher altitudes, the region is covered by forests and grasslands. They have characteristics of evergreen forests and rolling grasslands. At lower altitudes, deciduous and semi-evergreen forests covered the region. The region is home to rare plant species, including orchids and medicinal plants. Various crops like pepper, cardamom, and rice are cultivated.
Fauna
The Nilgiri Biosphere is a haven for wildlife and supports a wide range of species:
Mammals
Endangered species: Asian elephant, Bengal tiger, Nilgiri tahr (a mountain goat endemic to the region), and lion-tailed macaque.
Other species: Indian gaur (bison), sloth bear, dhole (Indian wild dog), and leopards.
Birds:
Over 350 species of birds, including endemic ones like the Nilgiri laughing thrush, Malabar parakeet, and Nilgiri flycatcher.
Reptiles and Amphibians
Home to various endemic and endangered species of frogs, snakes, and lizards.
Insects
Includes rare species of butterflies and moths that thrive in this diverse ecosystem.
Conservation Importance
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is crucial for:
Water Resources: It forms the catchment area for several rivers like the Bhavani, Moyar, and Kabini, which are lifelines for the surrounding regions.
Wildlife Corridors: It serves as a critical corridor for wildlife migration between national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.